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Using CRISPR and other techniques to analyze gene function, as well as long time-lapse movies of the developing sea star larvae, Perillo and colleagues ascertained how this organism generates tubes that branch out from its gut. Her study defines a basic toolkit from which the chordate tubular organs may have developed. (Chordates include the vertebrates -- fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals – and a few invertebrate subphyla).

One open question in biology was exactly how organisms develop from one cell into the complex 3D tubular structures of various organs, Perillo said. In some organisms such as flies, “there is a big round of cell proliferation before all the cells start to make very complex migration patterns to elongate, change their shapes, and become a tube,” she said. In other animals, including mammals, cell proliferation and migration occur together. In the case of the sea star, “I found that, in order for tube formation, cells can proliferate and migrate at the same time,” as they do in vertebrate development. “So, this means that this mechanism of making organs was already established at the base” or root of the evolution of chordates, she said.

In addition to providing insights into the fundamental process that leads to organ formation, sea stars can serve as a model for much biomedical research, Perillo suggests.�� For example, she found that a gene called Six1/2 serves as a key regulator of the branching process in tube formation. In mice, knocking out��Six1/2 causes kidneys to form abnormally. But researchers have found that mice lacking this gene also resist tumor formation, even when injected with tumor cells. The gene, which is overexpressed in cancer cells, could lead to new ways of studying disease progression, including cancer.
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“I can now use this gene to understand not only how our organs develop, but what happens to organs when we have a disease, especially cancer,” she says. “My hope is that, in five to 10 years maximum, we will be able to use this gene to test how organs develop cancer and how cancer becomes metastatic.”
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Sea star embryos have many practical experimental advantages, Perillo said. They are mostly transparent, so internal growth processes can be directly observed over long developmental periods without harming the organism. They are also easy to collect and breed in large numbers year-round, “so I always have a lot of material to work with.”
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Citation:
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Margherita Perillo, S. Zachary Swartz, Cosmo Pieplow and Gary M. Wessel (2023) Molecular mechanisms of tubulogenesis revealed in the sea star hydro-vascular organ. Nature Communications, DOI:

The Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) is dedicated to scientific discovery – exploring fundamental biology, understanding marine biodiversity and the environment, and informing the human condition through research and education. Founded in Woods Hole, Massachusetts in 1888, the ǧ����Ƶ is a private, nonprofit institution and an affiliate of the .